Creating a Chinese identity abroad...

"In Rock Springs, Wyoming, 150 armed white miners drove Chinese immigrants out of town in 1885 by setting fire to their homes and businesses and murdering 28 people. No one was charged in the massacre. It was hardly an isolated incident; 153 anti-Chinese riots erupted throughout the American West in the 1870s and 1880s"

Source:
"How Racism Created America's Chinatowns"
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/11/american-chinatowns-history_n_6090692.html